Vascular malformations include arteriovenous malformations, cavernous malformations, and arteriovenous fistulas, all of which can occur in the brain and spinal cord. Vascular malformations can be treated through various approaches, including microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery (see AVMs under the subsection Cerebrosvascular Neurosurgery), and endovascular techniques. Often, a combination of approaches is used.